1. The Crusades, intended to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule, begin; they result in the deaths of many Jews.
2. Much of Europe blames the Black Plague on Jews; hundreds of Jew communities destroyed.
3. One hundred thousand Jews are massacred in Poland.
4. Jews of Vienna are forced to move into a ghetto called Leopoldstadt.
5. French Jews are granted full citizenship for the first time since the Roman Empire.
6. Russia requires thirty-one years of military service for Jews, begining at age 12.
7. A series of massacres of Jews, called pogroms, begins in Russia.
8. Jews from Eastern Europe begin to emigrate to Israel, then called Palestine.
